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Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador

UN Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador, Report, 15 March 1993, in UN Secretary General, Letter to the President of the Security Council (S/25500), Annex. (PDF link)


CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Institutions and Names

B. The Creative Consequences

C. The Mandate

D. "Open-Door" Policy

E. A Convulsion of Violence

F. Phenomenology of Violence

G. The Recovery of Faith

H. The Risk of Delays

I. Foundation for the Truth

J. Expressions of Gratitude

K. The Dominant Idea

II. THE MANDATE

A. THE MANDATE

B. APPLICABLE LAW

1. International human rights law

2. International humanitarian law

3. Conclusions

C. METHODOLOGY

III. CHRONOLOGY OF THE VIOLENCE

I. 1980-1983: THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF VIOLENCE

II. 1983-1987: VIOLATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE ARMED CONFLICT

III. 1987-1989: THE MILITARY CONFLICT AS AN OBSTACLE TO PEACE

IV. 1989-1991: FROM THE "FINAL OFFENSIVE" TO THE SIGNING OF THE PEACE AGREEMENTS

IV. CASES AND PATTERNS OF VIOLENCE

A. General overview of cases and patterns of violence

B. Violence against opponents by agents of the State

1. Illustrative case: the murders of the Jesuit Priests (1989)

2. Extrajudicial executions

(a) San Francisco Guajoyo (1980)

(b) The leaders of the Frente Democratico Revolucionario (1980)

(c) The American churchwomen (1980)

(d) El Junquillo (1981)

(e) The Dutch journalists (1982)

(f) Las Hojas (1983)

(g) San Sebastían (1988)

(h) Attack on an FMLN hospital and execution of a nurse (1989)

(i) Garcia Arandigoyen (1990)

(j) FENASTRAS and COMADRES (1989)

(k) Oquelí and Flores (1990)

3. Enforced disappearances

(a) Ventura and Mejía (1980)

(b) Rivas Hernández (1986)

(c) Chan Chan and Massi (1989)

C. Massacres of peasants by the armed forces

1. Illustrative case: El Mozote (1981)

2. Sumpul River (1980)

3. El Calabozo (1982)

4. Pattern of conduct

D. Death squad assassinations

1. Illustrative case: Archbishop Romero (1980)

2. The death squad pattern

3. Zamora (1980)

4. Tehuicho (1980)

5. Viera, Hammer and Pearlman (1981)

E. Violence against opponents by the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional

1. Illustrative case: summary execution of Mayors (1985-1988)

2. Extrajudicial executions

(a) Zona Rosa (1985)

(b) Anaya Sanabria (1987)

(c) Romero García "Miguel Castellanos" (1989)

(d) Peccorini Lettona (1989)

(e) García Alvarado (1989)

(f) Guerrero (1989)

(g) United States soldiers who survived the shooting down of a helicopter (1991)

3. Abductions: Duarte and Villeda (1985)

F. Murders of Judges (1988)

V. RECOMMENDATIONS

VI. Epilogue: the seekers after peace

VII. Instruments establishing the Commission’s mandate

VIII. Persons working on the Commission on the Truth